We explored the potential of using a specific type of iron nanoparticle to target and image a distinct group of immune cells known as M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in brain tumors. These M2 TAMs can promote tumor growth and understanding their behavior could offer insights for better cancer treatments.
In our research, we developed a unique magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe composed of ultrafine iron oxide nanoparticles, which are small enough to avoid non-specific action in the body. We included a special peptide that actively seeks out M2 TAMs, allowing us to visualize them more clearly in mouse models of glioblastoma, a common and aggressive type of brain cancer.
The results were promising. The targeted nanoparticles showed a significant increase in accumulation within the tumors compared to standard nanoparticle formulations. This means that the M2-specific MRI probe provided a noticeable contrast in imaging, helping us differentiate areas of interest in the brain tumor environment better than conventional methods.
By demonstrating how effectively these iron nanoparticles can target specific immune cells, our study lays the groundwork for future research surrounding their use in cancer diagnostics and possibly in therapy. This could lead to improved strategies for tracking and altering the tumor environment as cancer progresses.
Read More
8
Innovative glioblastoma treatment approach
Metabolically-Driven Active Targeting of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glucuronic Acid to Glioblastoma: Application to MRI-Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy.
Our exploration of glioblastoma treatment revealed an innovative way to focus on this challenging brain tumor using iron-based nanoparticles. By functionalizing Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) with glucuronic acid, we harnessed the natural glucose transporters that are often overactive in glioblastoma cells. This strategy allows for a direct pathway into the tumor, especially when we induce mild hypoglycemia to enhance the process.
The results of our preclinical study were promising, as we observed significant delays in tumor growth following treatment. The IONPs not only served to target the tumors effectively but also acted as agents for magnetic hyperthermia therapy, which provides an added layer of treatment. Using MRI tracking, we ensured that the procedure was not only effective but also precise, minimizing complications.
This approach shows great potential for developing new ways to tackle glioblastoma, marking a significant step forward in brain cancer treatment. The combination of advanced targeting methods and hyperthermia opens new doors for improved therapies, hopefully leading to more successful outcomes for patients.
Read More
8
Iron influences tumor cell movement
Iron promotes isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant glioma cell motility.
We explored the relationship between iron levels and glioma cells, particularly those with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations. Our investigation focused on how these mutations affect iron metabolism and influence tumor growth and movement.
We found that glioma cells with IDH mutations, specifically the U87 cell line, grow significantly faster than their wild-type counterparts. This faster growth is associated with increased expression of transferrin receptors, which help import iron into the cells. Interestingly, this enhanced capacity for iron uptake and manipulation is also retained in live models, suggesting a strong link between iron and tumor behavior.
Biomechanically, modified U87 cells were found to be less stiff, giving them greater fluidity. When we supplemented these cells with ferrous ammonium sulfate—a source of iron—they became even more motile. This finding sheds light on how higher iron content may act as a driving force behind the progression of brain tumors through changes in cell movement characteristics.
Overall, our research indicates that iron metabolism significantly impacts glioma behavior, especially in the context of IDH mutations, presenting a potential area for future therapeutic approaches.
Read More
Most Useful Reviews
9
Itching resolved
7 people found this helpful
Recently, even a single hair touching my face made me itchy, which worried me. I discovered that iron deficiency can cause itching and quickly bought this mineral supplement. I adore coffee, but the tannins in it inhibit iron absorption. Initially, I took double the amount of iron, but I learned that too much can harm the digestive tract, liver, heart, and brain, so I reduced my dosage. Since I began taking it, the itching disappeared. I plan to better organise my meals with iron in mind.
Read More
9
No more tiredness
1 people found this helpful
I take one tablet each morning and night. I used to struggle to wake up and felt lethargic throughout the day. Now, I awaken quickly and my brain functions better, allowing me to be more active. Together with vitamins, this supplement has radically improved my day-to-day energy! I wonder what caused my fatigue before.
Read More
9
Boosted energy levels
After being diagnosed with low iron levels due to my vegetarian diet, it became clear that I wasn't getting enough from my food. I exhibited classic signs of iron deficiency, like fatigue and brain fog. However, since taking this supplement, my activity levels have improved, and I spend more time on tasks with enhanced quality.
We explored the potential of using a specific type of iron nanoparticle to target and image a distinct group of immune cells known as M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in brain tumors. These M2 TAMs can promote tumor growth and understanding their behavior could offer insights for better cancer treatments.
In our research, we developed a unique magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probe composed of ultrafine iron oxide nanoparticles, which are small enough to avoid non-specific action in the body. We included a special peptide that actively seeks out M2 TAMs, allowing us to visualize them more clearly in mouse models of glioblastoma, a common and aggressive type of brain cancer.
The results were promising. The targeted nanoparticles showed a significant increase in accumulation within the tumors compared to standard nanoparticle formulations. This means that the M2-specific MRI probe provided a noticeable contrast in imaging, helping us differentiate areas of interest in the brain tumor environment better than conventional methods.
By demonstrating how effectively these iron nanoparticles can target specific immune cells, our study lays the groundwork for future research surrounding their use in cancer diagnostics and possibly in therapy. This could lead to improved strategies for tracking and altering the tumor environment as cancer progresses.
Read More
9
Iron influences glioblastoma treatment
Induction of Non-Canonical Ferroptosis by Targeting Clusters Suppresses Glioblastoma.
We explored how iron metabolism could affect glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a particularly aggressive form of brain tumor. Our study involved using a specialized gold cluster coated with a peptide designed to selectively target GBM cells. This material, called NA, efficiently delivered treatment both in lab settings and in living models.
A fascinating outcome emerged from our research: the introduction of NA sensitized GBM cells to a type of programmed cell death known as ferroptosis. Unlike apoptosis, ferroptosis can prove effective even in tumors that are resistant to conventional treatments. We traced the method behind this sensitization to the regulation of iron ion metabolism, which operates through what we identified as a non-canonical pathway of ferroptosis.
When combined with a ferroptosis inducer, NA significantly suppressed tumor growth in both a spheroid model and a mouse model, showcasing enhanced ferroptosis levels with commendable safety. Additionally, we observed a notable increase in the infiltration of tumor-fighting lymphocytes within the tumors. Therefore, NA represents a promising new approach for treating glioblastoma through the modulation of iron and ferroptosis.
Read More
8
Iron enhances brain tumor therapy
A Self-Cascading Catalytic Therapy and Antigen Capture Scaffold-Mediated T Cells Augments for Postoperative Brain Immunotherapy.
We explored how iron treatment, combined with innovative scaffolding techniques, could enhance brain tumor therapy. The study introduced a unique implantable device known as the catalytic therapy and antigen capture scaffold (CAS) designed to target glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive brain tumors.
This CAS is made from 3D-printed materials that incorporate iron-based elements. Its role is to mimic natural processes within cancer cells, promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could help in the destruction of these cells. Alongside this, a drug called chloroquine was used to inhibit autophagy, which is a process that cancer cells often employ to protect themselves against treatment.
By trapping tumor-associated antigens, the CAS aims to improve the immune response against tumors by helping dendritic cells mature and activating T cells. As a result, we found that this method significantly enhanced immune activity against brain tumors after surgery. This suggests that iron, when used in conjunction with other therapies, can play an important role in boosting postoperative brain tumor immunotherapy and may lead to improved patient outcomes.
Read More
8
Innovative glioblastoma treatment approach
Metabolically-Driven Active Targeting of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glucuronic Acid to Glioblastoma: Application to MRI-Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy.
Our exploration of glioblastoma treatment revealed an innovative way to focus on this challenging brain tumor using iron-based nanoparticles. By functionalizing Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) with glucuronic acid, we harnessed the natural glucose transporters that are often overactive in glioblastoma cells. This strategy allows for a direct pathway into the tumor, especially when we induce mild hypoglycemia to enhance the process.
The results of our preclinical study were promising, as we observed significant delays in tumor growth following treatment. The IONPs not only served to target the tumors effectively but also acted as agents for magnetic hyperthermia therapy, which provides an added layer of treatment. Using MRI tracking, we ensured that the procedure was not only effective but also precise, minimizing complications.
This approach shows great potential for developing new ways to tackle glioblastoma, marking a significant step forward in brain cancer treatment. The combination of advanced targeting methods and hyperthermia opens new doors for improved therapies, hopefully leading to more successful outcomes for patients.
Read More
8
Iron's role in glioblastoma therapy
Hydrogen sulfide-generating semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for amplified radiodynamic-ferroptosis therapy of orthotopic glioblastoma.
We explored the role of iron in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), a highly aggressive brain tumor. The study focused on a novel approach using hydrogen sulfide (HS)-generating semiconducting polymer nanoparticles combined with iron to amplify the therapeutic effects.
In an acidic tumor environment, these nanoparticles produced significant amounts of HS, which helped inhibit mitochondrial respiration and reduce cellular hypoxia. This combination promotes a unique cell death process known as ferroptosis, which is dependent on iron. Specifically, iron is reduced in the acidic tumor microenvironment by tannic acid, creating conditions that encourage tumor cell death.
While the findings indicate that incorporating iron enhances treatment effectiveness, it is essential to note that it works synergistically with other interventions, limiting our ability to pinpoint iron’s specific effects. Overall, our study underscores the potential of combining iron with innovative therapeutic strategies to combat glioblastoma more effectively.
Recently, even a single hair touching my face made me itchy, which worried me. I discovered that iron deficiency can cause itching and quickly bought this mineral supplement. I adore coffee, but the tannins in it inhibit iron absorption. Initially, I took double the amount of iron, but I learned that too much can harm the digestive tract, liver, heart, and brain, so I reduced my dosage. Since I began taking it, the itching disappeared. I plan to better organise my meals with iron in mind.
Read More
9
No more tiredness
1 people found this helpful
I take one tablet each morning and night. I used to struggle to wake up and felt lethargic throughout the day. Now, I awaken quickly and my brain functions better, allowing me to be more active. Together with vitamins, this supplement has radically improved my day-to-day energy! I wonder what caused my fatigue before.
Read More
9
Boosted energy levels
After being diagnosed with low iron levels due to my vegetarian diet, it became clear that I wasn't getting enough from my food. I exhibited classic signs of iron deficiency, like fatigue and brain fog. However, since taking this supplement, my activity levels have improved, and I spend more time on tasks with enhanced quality.
Read More
7.5
Improved blood flow
7 people found this helpful
I have lived with anaemia since childhood. After years of relying on plant-based iron, I no longer feel dizzy or light-headed as I did in my teenage years when I was on heme iron. You can genuinely feel the blood circulating to your brain. As a vegan, I normally take one 18mg tablet daily, increasing to two during my period to meet my needs. I ensure I take it with vitamin C or fresh fruits and vegetables. This brand is reliable; I’ve tried others but find this one best for maintenance.
Read More
7.5
Body feels lighter
2 people found this helpful
Ever since starting Dr. Fujikawa's mega vitamins iron supplement, which I find essential since I can't get enough from my diet, I feel lighter and in a better mood. Iron is vital for energy metabolism; I believe the overall function of my body, brain, and mood has greatly improved. Since women often struggle with iron deficiency, it's crucial for active individuals. I take one a day, and my sister also enjoyed its benefits.
A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of cells in the brain or central spinal canal. These tumors can be classified as either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can originate from the brain tissue itself (primary brain tumors) or spread to the brain from other parts of the body (secondary or metastatic brain tumors). Symptoms may vary widely depending on the tumor's location, size, and type, but common indicators include headaches, seizures, cognitive or behavioral changes, and motor skill deficiencies. Diagnosing a brain tumor typically involves imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans, followed by a biopsy to determine the type of tumor.
Treatment for brain tumors depends on several factors, including the tumor type, size, and location, as well as the patient's overall health. Common treatment options include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. While advancements in medical technology have improved treatment outcomes significantly—enabling more precise targeting of tumors and minimizing damage to surrounding healthy brain tissue—challenges still exist. It's crucial for patients to discuss all available options with their healthcare providers to determine the best course of action tailored to their specific situation.
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe, derived from the Latin word "ferrum." It is a metal that is known for its strength and versatility, making it one of the most widely used materials in construction, manufacturing, and various industrial applications. Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass and is primarily obtained through the mining of iron ores, such as hematite and magnetite. Once mined, it undergoes processes like smelting and refining to produce usable forms like cast iron, wrought iron, and steel.
In addition to its industrial uses, iron is also crucial for human health, as it plays a significant role in the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. A deficiency in iron can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue and weakened immunity. Overall, iron is a fundamental element that supports modern infrastructure and is vital for maintaining good health.
Based on user reviews, it appears that individuals taking iron supplements for conditions such as brain fog and fatigue report noticeable improvements within a short period, often just a few weeks. For instance, one user mentioned that since taking the supplement, their activity levels have significantly improved along with enhanced task completion and overall quality of work (Read Review). Another user stated that they began waking up quickly and feeling more active shortly after incorporating the supplement into their routine (Read Review). This suggests that users typically start experiencing positive changes relatively quickly.
However, each individual's timeline may vary depending on their unique circumstances, including dietary habits and the severity of their deficiency. Consistent use over time, often accompanied by dietary adjustments like increased vitamin C intake, is frequently emphasized by users as essential for maximizing the benefits of iron supplements, especially in addressing energy levels and cognitive function (Read Review). Overall, while some users report quicker results, a sustained commitment to the supplement can lead to more significant improvements.
Recent research indicates that iron-based therapies show promise in the treatment of brain tumors, particularly glioblastoma. A study presented a novel catalytic therapy and antigen capture scaffold (CAS), which utilizes iron to boost immune responses against these aggressive tumors. The CAS enhances the activity of T cells and dendritic cells, indicating that iron can play a crucial role in postoperative brain tumor immunotherapy, potentially leading to better patient outcomes [2]. Moreover, another study involving iron nanoparticles highlighted their effectiveness in enhancing MRI tracking and delivering targeted hyperthermia treatment directly to glioblastoma cells, thereby demonstrating a multifaceted approach to combating this difficult-to-treat type of cancer [3].
Additionally, the role of iron metabolism in glioma behavior is a developing area of interest. Research has shown that glioma cells with specific mutations are more aggressive and show heightened iron uptake, suggesting that manipulating iron levels could influence tumor growth and metastasis [5]. Overall, the body of evidence points towards the potential of iron-based supplements and therapies in improving the treatment landscape for brain tumors, especially glioblastoma. However, as these studies indicate, these iron strategies often work synergistically with other treatments, indicating a multifaceted approach is essential for effective results.
Based on user reviews, many individuals have reported significant improvements in symptoms related to iron deficiency after incorporating iron supplements into their routines. For instance, one user noted that their previously worrisome itching disappeared once they began taking the supplement, emphasizing the impact iron deficiency can have on skin sensitivities (Read Review). Another user remarked on a transformation in their energy levels, stating they now wake up quickly and feel more active than before, a contrast to their previous state of lethargy (Read Review).
Moreover, users with dietary restrictions, such as vegetarians and vegans, have also indicated a notable boost in their overall activity and cognitive functions, contributing to better task management and quality of work (Read Review). It's also worth mentioning that some users have observed an overall improvement in mood and brain function, linking these enhancements to improved iron levels and effective intake practices, such as pairing with vitamin C for optimal absorption (Read Review). While the experiences are promising, individual results may vary based on personal health circumstances and adherence to supplementation.
Based on user reviews, many individuals report positive experiences when combining iron supplements with additional vitamins, particularly vitamin C, to enhance absorption and overall health outcomes related to brain function. One user noted that their brain functions improved remarkably when taking the supplement along with vitamins, leading to a noticeable increase in daily energy levels (Read Review). Another user, who deals with anemia, highlights the importance of pairing their iron intake with vitamin C or fresh fruits to maximize the effectiveness of the supplement while maintaining their vegan diet (Read Review).
Users also indicated that attention to their diet in conjunction with iron supplementation could yield far-reaching benefits, like enhanced cognitive function and mood. One user mentioned feeling lighter and experiencing a significant mood boost after starting iron supplements, attributing these improvements to an overall better brain function and energy metabolism (Read Review). Although individual results may vary, the consensus is that combining iron supplements with dietary adjustments can be beneficial in managing symptoms associated with deficiencies and improving overall cognitive health.
Based on user reviews, there seems to be a consensus around the right dosage and timing for iron supplements. Many users report taking a single iron tablet once or twice a day, depending on their individual needs and circumstances. For instance, one user mentions that they take one 18mg tablet daily, increasing to two during their menstrual period to compensate for additional iron needs Read Review. Another user follows a similar routine, taking one tablet each morning and night and highlighting a noticeable improvement in energy and cognitive function Read Review.
It is crucial to note that while users attest to the benefits of iron supplementation, they also stress the importance of not overdoing the dose. One reviewer cautions against excessive intake, as high doses can harm digestive health and other organs Read Review. Users also advocate for taking iron with Vitamin C or alongside fresh fruits and vegetables to enhance absorption, reinforcing the need for a mindful approach to supplementation Read Review.
7.5
Increased productivity
I was recently diagnosed with low levels of iron due to my vegetarian diet. Apparently, I wasn't receiving enough through food. I had the classic signs of low iron, absence of energy, and brain fog. My activity levels have increased significantly with improved task completion and overall quality of work.
9
No more tiredness
1 people found this helpful
I take one tablet each morning and night. I used to struggle to wake up and felt lethargic throughout the day. Now, I awaken quickly and my brain functions better, allowing me to be more active. Together with vitamins, this supplement has radically improved my day-to-day energy! I wonder what caused my fatigue before.
7.5
Improved blood flow
7 people found this helpful
I have lived with anaemia since childhood. After years of relying on plant-based iron, I no longer feel dizzy or light-headed as I did in my teenage years when I was on heme iron. You can genuinely feel the blood circulating to your brain. As a vegan, I normally take one 18mg tablet daily, increasing to two during my period to meet my needs. I ensure I take it with vitamin C or fresh fruits and vegetables. This brand is reliable; I’ve tried others but find this one best for maintenance.
9
Itching resolved
7 people found this helpful
Recently, even a single hair touching my face made me itchy, which worried me. I discovered that iron deficiency can cause itching and quickly bought this mineral supplement. I adore coffee, but the tannins in it inhibit iron absorption. Initially, I took double the amount of iron, but I learned that too much can harm the digestive tract, liver, heart, and brain, so I reduced my dosage. Since I began taking it, the itching disappeared. I plan to better organise my meals with iron in mind.
9
Boosted energy levels
After being diagnosed with low iron levels due to my vegetarian diet, it became clear that I wasn't getting enough from my food. I exhibited classic signs of iron deficiency, like fatigue and brain fog. However, since taking this supplement, my activity levels have improved, and I spend more time on tasks with enhanced quality.
7.5
Body feels lighter
2 people found this helpful
Ever since starting Dr. Fujikawa's mega vitamins iron supplement, which I find essential since I can't get enough from my diet, I feel lighter and in a better mood. Iron is vital for energy metabolism; I believe the overall function of my body, brain, and mood has greatly improved. Since women often struggle with iron deficiency, it's crucial for active individuals. I take one a day, and my sister also enjoyed its benefits.
8
Iron enhances brain tumor therapy
A Self-Cascading Catalytic Therapy and Antigen Capture Scaffold-Mediated T Cells Augments for Postoperative Brain Immunotherapy.
We explored how iron treatment, combined with innovative scaffolding techniques, could enhance brain tumor therapy. The study introduced a unique implantable device known as the catalytic therapy and antigen capture scaffold (CAS) designed to target glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive brain tumors.
This CAS is made from 3D-printed materials that incorporate iron-based elements. Its role is to mimic natural processes within cancer cells, promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could help in the destruction of these cells. Alongside this, a drug called chloroquine was used to inhibit autophagy, which is a process that cancer cells often employ to protect themselves against treatment.
By trapping tumor-associated antigens, the CAS aims to improve the immune response against tumors by helping dendritic cells mature and activating T cells. As a result, we found that this method significantly enhanced immune activity against brain tumors after surgery. This suggests that iron, when used in conjunction with other therapies, can play an important role in boosting postoperative brain tumor immunotherapy and may lead to improved patient outcomes.
8
Innovative glioblastoma treatment approach
Metabolically-Driven Active Targeting of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glucuronic Acid to Glioblastoma: Application to MRI-Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy.
Our exploration of glioblastoma treatment revealed an innovative way to focus on this challenging brain tumor using iron-based nanoparticles. By functionalizing Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (IONPs) with glucuronic acid, we harnessed the natural glucose transporters that are often overactive in glioblastoma cells. This strategy allows for a direct pathway into the tumor, especially when we induce mild hypoglycemia to enhance the process.
The results of our preclinical study were promising, as we observed significant delays in tumor growth following treatment. The IONPs not only served to target the tumors effectively but also acted as agents for magnetic hyperthermia therapy, which provides an added layer of treatment. Using MRI tracking, we ensured that the procedure was not only effective but also precise, minimizing complications.
This approach shows great potential for developing new ways to tackle glioblastoma, marking a significant step forward in brain cancer treatment. The combination of advanced targeting methods and hyperthermia opens new doors for improved therapies, hopefully leading to more successful outcomes for patients.
8
Iron influences tumor cell movement
Iron promotes isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant glioma cell motility.
We explored the relationship between iron levels and glioma cells, particularly those with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations. Our investigation focused on how these mutations affect iron metabolism and influence tumor growth and movement.
We found that glioma cells with IDH mutations, specifically the U87 cell line, grow significantly faster than their wild-type counterparts. This faster growth is associated with increased expression of transferrin receptors, which help import iron into the cells. Interestingly, this enhanced capacity for iron uptake and manipulation is also retained in live models, suggesting a strong link between iron and tumor behavior.
Biomechanically, modified U87 cells were found to be less stiff, giving them greater fluidity. When we supplemented these cells with ferrous ammonium sulfate—a source of iron—they became even more motile. This finding sheds light on how higher iron content may act as a driving force behind the progression of brain tumors through changes in cell movement characteristics.
Overall, our research indicates that iron metabolism significantly impacts glioma behavior, especially in the context of IDH mutations, presenting a potential area for future therapeutic approaches.
References
Li Y, Thamizhchelvan AM, Ma H, Padelford J, Zhang Z, et al. A subtype specific probe for targeted magnetic resonance imaging of M2 tumor-associated macrophages in brain tumors. Acta Biomater. 2025;194:336. 10.1016/j.actbio.2025.01.003
Yalamandala BN, Moorthy T, Liu ZH, Huynh TMH, Iao HM, et al. A Self-Cascading Catalytic Therapy and Antigen Capture Scaffold-Mediated T Cells Augments for Postoperative Brain Immunotherapy. Small. 2025;21:e2406178. 10.1002/smll.202406178
Caro C, Paez-Muñoz JM, Pernía Leal M, Carayol M, Feijoo-Cuaresma M, et al. Metabolically-Driven Active Targeting of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Glucuronic Acid to Glioblastoma: Application to MRI-Tracked Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2025;14:e2404391. 10.1002/adhm.202404391
Zhu A, Shao S, Hu J, Tu W, Song Z, et al. Hydrogen sulfide-generating semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for amplified radiodynamic-ferroptosis therapy of orthotopic glioblastoma. Mater Horiz. 2025;12:973. 10.1039/d4mh01356e
Owusu SB, Russell E, Ekanayake AB, Tivanski AV, Petronek MS. Iron promotes isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant glioma cell motility. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025;226:109. 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.032
Cao K, Xue L, Luo K, Huo W, Ruan P, et al. Induction of Non-Canonical Ferroptosis by Targeting Clusters Suppresses Glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics. 2024;16. 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091205